ARTICLES of a TREATY, Concluded at HOPEWELL, on the Keowee, near Seneca Old Town, between Benjamin Hawkins, Andrew Pickens and Joseph Martin, COMMISSIONERS PLENIPOTENTIARY of the United States of America of the one part, and Piomingo, HEAD WARRIOR and FIRST MINISTER of the Chickasaw Nation, Mingatushka; one of the leading Chiefs, and Latopoia, first beloved Man of the said Nation, COMMISSIONERS PLENIPOTENTIARY of the Chickasaws of the other Part: THE commissioners plenipotentiary of the Chickasaw nation, shall give peace to the Chickasaw nation, and receive them into the favour and protection of the said States, on the following conditions. Article 1. The commissioners plenipotentiary of the Chickasaw nation, Shall restore all the prisoners, citizens of the United States, to their own liberty, if any there be in the Chickasaw nation.—They Shall also admit all the refugees, and all other property taken during the late war, from the citizens, to such person, and at such time and place, as the commissioners of the United States Shall think proper. Art. 2. The commissioners plenipotentiary of the Chickasaws, do hereby acknowledge the tribes and the towns of the Chickasaw nation, to be under the protection of the United States of America, and of no other foreign whosoever. Art. 3. The boundary of the lands hereby allotted to the Chickasaw nation to live and hunt on, within the limits of the United States of America, is, and Shall be the following, viz. Beginning on the edge that divides the waters running into the Cumberland, from those running into the Tennessee; at a point in a line to be drawn due South; thence East along the said dividing ridge, till it Shall Strike the Tennessee; thence running westerly along the Said ridge, till it Shall Strike the Ohio; thence down the South side of the Ohio, to the mouth of the Tennessee; thence up the Tennessee until it Shall Strike the lands aforesaid, and till a line from the South end to the boundary within a Chicory along the eastern extremity of November, one thousand [undecipherable] by lands Shall not be extended and Shall continue on lands already adversely, Shall be the lands allotted to the Chickasaws and Cherokees to live and hunt on, within the limits of the United States; Shall be their foremost, for the Chickasaws and Cherokees altogether. And, a tract or parcel of land to be laid out at the lower part of the Mobile-choah, at the mouth of Ohio, Shall be a trading post for them. And, Shall be held from that on Shall be the, on the particular lands, already attained duties, Shall be in the use and under the government of the United States of America. Art. 4. If any citizen of the United States, or other person not being an Indian, Shall attempt to Settle on any of the lands hereby allotted to the Chickasaws to live and hunt on, Such person Shall forfeit the protection of the United States of America, and the Indians may punish him or her as they please. Art. 5. If any Indian or Indians, or person residing among them, or who Shall take refuge in their nation, Shall commit a robbery or murder, or other capital crime, on any citizen of the United States, or other person, the tribe, to which Such offender belongs, or in which he Shall have taken refuge, Shall be bound to deliver him or them up to be punished according to the ordinances of the United States in Congress assembled: Provided always, that this Shall not be understood, that if the robbery or murder, or other capital crime, had been committed by a citizen on a citizen. Art. 6. If any citizen or other inhabitant of America, or person under their protection, Shall commit a robbery or murder, or other capital crime, on any Indian, Such person Shall be punished according to the laws of the State in which Such crime Shall have been committed, if the robbery, or other capital crimes, had been committed on a citizen of America; and the punishment Shall be at the Satisfaction of the [undecipherable] nations of the United States of America; and the punishment that Shall afflict the Chickasaws, if practicable, of Such inflicted punishment, Shall be lost to Some one of the tribes. Art. 7. It is understood, that the punishment of the innocent, under the idea of a collective is unjust, and Shall not be practiced on either Side, except where there Shall be a violation of this treaty; and then it Shall be proceeded, not by a demand of justice, and if refused, then by a declaration of hostilities. Art. 8. For the benefit and comfort of the Indians, and for the prevention of injuries or oppression on the part of the citizens or Indians, the United States in Congress assembled, Shall have the Sole and exclusive right of regulating the trade with the Indians, and managing all their affairs in Such manner as they think proper. Art. [undecipherable] Art. [undecipherable] [Page 2 image] Art. 9. Until the pleasure of Congress be known, respecting the eighth article, all traders, citizens of the United States of America, shall have liberty to go to any of the tribes or towns of the Chickasaws, to trade with them, and they shall be protected in their persons and property and kindly treated. Art. 10. The said Indians Shall give notice to the citizens of the United States of America, of any dangers which they may know or foresee, if shall be, in any person or tribe, or by any person whatsoever, against the peace, trade or interest of the United States of America. IN WITNESS of all, and every thing herein contained, between the said States and Chickasaws, We, their underwritten commissioners, by virtue of our full powers, have signed this definitive treaty, and have caused our Seals to be hereunto affixed. DONE at Hopewell, on the Keowee, this tenth day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-six. (Signed) BENJAMIN HAWKINS, (L.S.) AND. PICKENS, (L.S.) JOS. MARTIN, (L.S.) PIOMINGO, his mark. MINGATUSHKA, his mark. LATOPOIA, his mark. *Witness,* WM. BLOUNT, WM. HAZZARD, SAM. TAYLOR, JAMES COLE, Sworn Interpreter. ARTICLES of a TREATY, Concluded at HOPEWELL, on the Keowee, near Seneca Old Town, between Benjamin Hawkins, Andrew Pickens and Joseph Martin, COMMISSIONERS PLENIPOTENTIARY of the United States of America of the one part; and Yockonahoma, great Medal Chief of Soonacoha, Yockahoopie, leading Chief of Bugroogloo, Mingohoopoie, leading Chief of Haskooqua, Tobocoh, great Medal Chief of Congetoo, Pooshemastuble, Gorget Captain of Seenayazo, and thirteen small Medal Chiefs of the first Class, twelve Medal and Gorget Captains, COMMISSIONERS PLENIPOTENTIARY, of all the Choctaw Nation of the other part. THE Commissioners Plenipotentiary of the United States of America give peace to all the Choctaw nation, and receive them into the favor and protection of the United States of America, on the following conditions: Art. 1. The Commissioners Plenipotentiary of all the Choctaw nation, Shall restore all the prisoners, citizens of the United States, or Subjects of their allies, to their entire liberty, if any there be in the Choctaw nation; and Shall also restore all the negroes, and other property taken during the late war, from the citizens, to such person, and at such time and place, as the commissioners of the United States Shall think proper. Art. 2. The Commissioners plenipotentiary of all the Choctaw nation, do hereby acknowledge the tribes and towns on the one part, as mentioned in the third article, to be under the protection of the United States of America, and of no other sovereign whatsoever. Art. 3. The boundary of the lands, hereby allotted to the Choctaw nation to live and hunt on, within the limits of the United States of America is, and Shall be the following, viz. Beginning at a point on the [Page 3 image] thirty-first degree of north latitude, where the eastern boundary of the Natchez district Shall touch the same; thence east along the said thirty-first degree of north latitude, being the Southern boundary of the United States, until it Shall Strike the eastern boundary of the lands on which the Indians of the said nation live and hunt on the seventy-ninth of October seventeen hundred and eighty-two; thence northerly along the Said eastern boundary, until it Shall meet the boundary of [undecipherable]; thence westerly along the Said northern boundary, until it Shall meet the western boundary thereof; thence Southerly along the Same to the beginning; saving and reserving for the establishment of trading posts, Such convenient Situations as the commissioners of the United States Shall think proper. Art. 4. If any citizen of the United States, or other person not being an Indian, Shall attempt to Settle on any of the lands hereby allotted to the Choctaw nation to live and hunt on, Such person Shall forfeit the protection of the United States of America, and the Indians may punish him or her as they please. Art. 5. If any Indian or Indians, or person residing among them, or who Shall take refuge in their nation, Shall commit a robbery or murder, or other capital crime, on any citizen of the United States, or other person, the tribe, to which Such offender belongs, or in which he Shall have taken refuge, Shall be bound to deliver him or them up to be punished according to the ordinances of the United States in Congress assembled; and that they may have an opportunity to do so, due notice, if practicable, of Such indictment Shall be given to Some of the parties. Art. 6. It is understood that the punishment of the innocent, under the idea of retaliation, is unjust, and Shall not be practiced on either Side, except where there Shall be a manifest violation of this treaty; and then it Shall be preceded, not by a demand of justice, and if refused, then by a declaration of hostilities. Art. 7. For the benefit and comfort of the Indians, and for the prevention of injuries or oppression on the part of the citizens on Indians, the United States in Congress assembled, Shall have the Sole and exclusive right of regulating the trade with the Indians, and managing all their affairs in Such manner as they Shall think proper. Art. 8. Until the pleasure of Congress be known, respecting the eighth article, all traders, citizens of the United States of America, Shall have liberty to go to any of the tribes or towns of the Choctaw nation, to trade with them, and they Shall be protected in their persons and property and kindly treated. Art. 9. For the benefit of the Said nation, and for the prevention of injuries to them, the [undecipherable] in any neighboring tribe, or by any person whatsoever, against the peace, trade or interest of the United States. Art. 10. The Said Indians Shall forever behave, and the peace given by the United States of America, and friendship so established between the Said States on the one part, and the Choctaw nation on the other part, Shall be universal; and the contracting parties Shall use their utmost endeavors to maintain the peace given as aforesaid, and friendship so established. Art. 11. The hatchet Shall be forever buried, and the peace given by the United States of America, and friendship so established between the Said Rang parties [undecipherable] on the one part [undecipherable]. IN WITNESS of all, and every thing herein determined, between the United States of America and all the Choctaws, we their underwriting commissioners, having our full powers, have signed this definitive treaty, and have caused our Seals to be hereunto affixed. DONE at Hopewell, on the Keowee, this third day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-six. (Signed) BENJAMIN HAWKINS, (L.S.) AND. TICKENS, (L.S.) JOS. M. (L.S.) YOKENAHOMA, his mark. () YOCKAHOOPIE, his mark. () MINGOHOOPOIE, his mark. () TOBOCOH, his mark. () POOHEMASTUBEY, his mark. () TUSCOONOOHOOPOIE, his mark. () SHINSHEMASTUBY, his mark. () [Signers carried forward.] WOOPAKOOMA, [Page 4 image] [Signers brought forward.] YOOPAKOOMA, his mark. () STOONOKOONOOPOE, his mark. () TLHAKUHRAY, his mark. () TOOSHEMASTUBEY, his mark. () TUSKKAHOÖNOCH, his mark. () TUSHKAHOONOCH, his mark. () YOOSTENOCHHA, his mark. () TOOTHOOAMA, his mark. () TOOMNOHOONOCH, his mark. () CSHECOOPOOHOÖMOOH, X () STONAKOONOOPOIE, his mark. () TUSHKOHHEGOÑTA, X () his mark. TLSHUHNOCHLOCH, his mark. POOHOÑALTA, his mark. () OXANCONNOOBA, his mark. () UTOONACHUBAA, his mark. () PANGEKOOLOCH, his mark. () STEABEE, his mark. () TENCTEHEÑNA, his mark. () TUSHKEMENTAHOOCK, his mark. () TUBITALLAY, his mark. () CHIMAAÑGOCHA[undecipherable], his mark. CUNNOPOIE, his mark. [undecipherable] WM. BLOUNT, JOHN WOOD, [undecipherable] SAML. TAYLOR, ROBERT ANDERSON, [undecipherable] BENN. LAWRENCE, JOHN PITCHLY[undecipherable], [undecipherable] JAMES COLE, [undecipherable]